SummaryThe history of languages is closely related to the history of other human activities. Ideally, hypotheses that are designed for linguistic questions on independent grounds should help to consolidate theories in other knowledge fields, such as the history of ideas. This paper deals with the first Portuguese translation of Forbonnais's Elémens du commerce, considering it as a lexical corpus. The linguistic analysis aims to contribute to the general knowledge about this text and its translations. Furthermore, a lexical analysis of Portuguese (...) data can also be understood in the broader context of Romance languages. To this end, we analysed three linguistic expressions, perceived to be representative case-studies: identifying circulação as a terminological loan, the terminological use of a common word and the contrast between terms from different languages. Translations are obvious tools for communicating new ideas. Carrying out linguistic analyses of translations can help to document how ideas take shape. Furthermore, translation studies provide linguistic evidence that is essential for the study of terminology from a diachronic and inter-linguistic standpoint. Data provided by translated texts helps to clarify the date when neologisms were first introduced in a given language. It also helps to identify possible sources of words and to decode the meaning behind lexical innovation. This paper is an example of the output of a contrastive lexicographic approach to Forbonnais's text. (shrink)

Hume é conhecido por sua teoria da indução por repetição, mas em sua filosofia há lugar para inferências derivadas de experiências singulares. Parte do fundamento destas inferências depende de uma regra newtoniana, mas é preciso acrescentar a especificação do tipo de classe de objetos a que pertencem tanto a causa como o efeito – de um modo que pode esclarecer a exata natureza do “empirismo” humiano.

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir três problemas centrais na filosofia de David Hume. O primeiro é o do papel da associação de idéias: no Tratado há dois conceitos distintos dessa associação, falha corrigida na primeira Investigação, em que é eliminado o conceito de “associação costumeira” e não se atribui à associação qualquer papel na formação de inferências causais. O segundo diz respeito ao verdadeiro papel da indução. A filosofia humeana trata da descoberta dos poderes causais dos objetos, sem nunca (...) se ocupar de generalizações acerca de qualidades sensíveis. Hume descobriu o problema da “indução causal”, mas apenas como conseqüência de sua análise da inferência causal. O último de nossos problemas é o do exato conceito humeano daquele instinto que ele chama de “costume ou hábito”. O princípio de Hume mostra ser apenas uma sensibilidade à repetição de conjunções, sendo relevante apenas o elemento “repetição”, sem haver qualquer influência significativa da passagem do tempo, o que impede a interpretação desse princípio como “habituação” ou algo equivalente. Hume: three majors problemsThis article aims to discuss three central problems in David Hume’s philosophy. A first central problem in Hume’s philosophy concerns the role of the association of ideas: there are in the Treatise two distinct concepts of this association, a negligence that was corrected in the first Enquiry, where the concept of “customary association” is eliminated and no role is assigned to association in the formation of causal beliefs. The second is about the real meaning of induction. Hume’s philosophy discusses the discovery of the causal powers of objects, setting aside any generalisation about sensible qualities. Hume did discover the problem of “causal induction”, but only as a consequence of his analysis of causal inference. The last of our three problems concerns the exact Humean concept of the instinct he calls “custom or habit”. It is noticeable that Hume´s principle is just sensitiveness to the repetition of conjunctions, with no meaningful influence of the passage of time, and this goes against any interpretation of this principle as “becoming accustomed” or anything of the kind. (shrink)

O escopo deste trabalho é abordar o percurso ético-cognitivo necessário para a efetivação do papel do filósofo presente no Fédon, um dos diálogos mais famosos de Platão, levando em consideração novas concepções decorrentes de um já conhecido embate hermenêutico proveniente do altíssimo quilate literário do texto referido. Na presente abordagem, o sensível não ocupa um local pejorativamente secundário e diminuto, constituído de cópias imperfeitas e fonte de enganos, passando, com isso, a exercer uma função de relevância fundamental na construção da (...) filosofia platônica, sendo, portanto, o âmbito da efetivação do exame e do exercício dialético. Aqui, nossa intenção é abordar tal concepção, que engloba tanto o plano sensível quanto o inteligível, fazendo, desta maneira, necessária alusão à incessante busca dialética socrático-platônica, onde a práxis e a conduta ética do indivíduo são fatores imprescindíveis para que ocorra o importantíssimo salto epistêmico rumo a um conhecimento mais verdadeiro e essencial que constituirá o verdadeiro caráter do amante da sabedoria. (shrink)

Bom, Marilena, a gente queria que, inicialmente, você falasse da sua formação intelectual.Tomando como ponto de partida o curso colegial ou tomando como ponto de partida a Faculdade?

O trabalho que aqui se propões tem por objetivo analisar as obras de Immanuel Kant buscando sintetizar suas contribuições para a compreensão da filosofia enquanto atitude filosófica, num diálogo com as pedagogias ativas, bem como refletir sobre os métodos para o seu ensino. A pesquisa partirá de um viés bibliográfico a fim de trazer os conceitos de autonomia e esclarecimento para uma reflexão sobre os métodos adequados para o despertar de uma consciência filosófica. Embora distante de sua finalidade, a educação (...) deve manter-se em constante busca por melhorias, pelo desenvolvimento da humanidade em todas as suas esferas. (shrink)

Background Health advocacy is crucial for both patients and healthcare professionals. However, nurses who recognize the importance of health advocacy may experience heightened moral distress, particularly in complex donation and transplantation cases where patient autonomy, respect, and advocacy are paramount. Aim To identify the factors contributing to moral distress among nurses working in solid organ transplant units at a university hospital in São Paulo, with a focus on health advocacy. Research Design This descriptive, cross-sectional study employs both quantitative and (...) qualitative methods. For this, the quantitative phase of the study was conducted utilizing the Moral Distress Scale, while the qualitative phase was executed through focus group discussions. Participants and Research Context The quantitative phase involved 15 nurses using the Moral Distress Scale. The qualitative phase consisted of a focus group with 5 nurse managers/coordinators from the transplant units. Quantitative data were analyzed using R® software, while qualitative data were analyzed using Bardin’s Content Analysis. Ethical Considerations The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo. Participation was voluntary and confidentiality was ensured. Results A significant correlation was found between moral distress and the factors of “disregard for patient autonomy” ( p =.0100) and “therapeutic obstinacy” ( p =.0492). Conclusion The primary determinants associated with moral distress in the context of health advocacy were identified as “disregard for patient autonomy” and “therapeutic obstinacy.”. (shrink)

O que é o tempo? Como ele foi vivido ao longo da história, e como ele se apresenta no mundo atual? O tempo pode ser acelerado, retardado, economizado, temido? A resposta a essas perguntas e a muitas outras é aqui oferecida ao leitor por meio de uma incrível viagem por diferentes povos, épocas e lugares, cada um com suas ideias, palavras, imagens, técnicas e sentimentos em relação a esse componente fundamental da nossa existência. Explorando uma enormidade de temas e de (...) perspectivas, com uma abrangência geográfica à escala do globo, João Paulo Pimenta traz não apenas um detalhado estudo das representações sociais do tempo, mas igualmente das múltiplas ações concretas tomadas para seu ordenamento, contagem e controle. Seus nove capítulos cruzam, a cada passo, as ciências naturais e os sistemas simbólicos e religiosos, as forças econômicas e os quadros políticos e sociais. Não menos notável é o emprego sofisticado de uma variada documentação visual, que nos convida a ampliar nosso olhar para como o tempo representa uma dimensão constitutiva essencial do que nos faz humanos. Com uma escrita clara, elegante e direta, O Livro do Tempo marcará época e ativará tanto o historiador profissional como o leitor cultivado. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar o desenvolvimento histórico do cinema de Charlie Chaplin, a partir da obra de Guido Oldrini: História do Cinema na Cultura do Século XX: Um Mapeamento Crítico. Analisamos também o potencial do cinema de Chaplin de cumprir a missão social da arte, a partir do sistema de mediações categorias de Lukács em sua obra A Peculiaridade Do Estético. Buscamos, assim, analisar o caso específico das obras de Charlie Chaplin e explicitar as categorias estéticas do (...) cinema enquanto forma particular de arte a partir do seu desenvolvimento histórico. (shrink)

O escopo deste trabalho é abordar o percurso ético-cognitivo necessário para a efetivação do papel do filósofo presente no Fédon, um dos diálogos mais famosos de Platão, levando em consideração novas concepções decorrentes de um já conhecido embate hermenêutico proveniente do altíssimo quilate literário do texto referido. Na presente abordagem, o sensível não ocupa um local pejorativamente secundário e diminuto, constituído de cópias imperfeitas e fonte de enganos, passando, com isso, a exercer uma função de relevância fundamental na construção da (...) filosofia platônica, sendo, portanto, o âmbito da efetivação do exame e do exercício dialético. Aqui, nossa intenção é abordar tal concepção, que engloba tanto o plano sensível quanto o inteligível, fazendo, desta maneira, necessária alusão à incessante busca dialética socrático-platônica, onde a práxis e a conduta ética do indivíduo são fatores imprescindíveis para que ocorra o importantíssimo salto epistêmico rumo a um conhecimento mais verdadeiro e essencial que constituirá o verdadeiro caráter do amante da sabedoria. (shrink)

The events of September 11th, 2001 have irreversibly marked the outlook of the entire world in the beginning of the twentieth-first century and its consequences will certainly continue to be felt for years to come. Although relatively new, such events have not passed without receiving attention from some among the foremost thinkers of our time. Given that, we intend to develop an interpretative hypothesis which, starting from the perspective opened by the reflections of Friedrich Nietzsche concerning the nihilism and the (...) great politics, seeks to understand both the violent actions which try to justify themselves from a fundamentalist world view as well as the recent political and military configuration of the U.S. liberal democracy as different forms of reaction against the deepening of the value crisis ​​through which the Western world passes. (shrink)

A reflexão que aqui propomos pretende ser somente uma nota introdutória ao pensamento do filósofo francês Emmanuel Falque, a partir da sua última obra Hors phénomène: Essai aux confins de la phénoménalité. Para tal, partiremos dos pontos fundamentais do seu livro, colocando-o no interior do seu já amplo, vigoroso e maturado projecto filosófico. Assim, esperamos mostrar não só a génese de um pensamento denso e criativo no âmbito da filosofia fenomenológica, e para além-dela, possivelmente, mas também evidenciar alguns horizontes que (...) está obra poderá abrir no âmbito do pensamento contemporâneo. Aventamos aqui a hipótese de que Hors phénomène constitui, de certo modo, um momento charneira ou de inflexão fundamental no percurso filosófico e intelectual do seu autor. Um conceito pensado e forjado a partir da experiência vivida da radical finitude humana, ou melhor, nos confins de toda a fenomenalidade. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to set forth conjectures that are likely to explain the inclusion of Plato and Hermes as heralds of Mani in the testimony of Ephrem of Syria. This incorporation should be set against the background of the Syrian religious milieu, which was influenced by both Hellenistic philosophy and Eastern religious traditions. Therefore, it would be better to seek a religious and philosophical environment wherein Plato and Hermes were associated. Keywords: Manichaeism, apocalypticism, theurgy, hermetism, Merkabah mysticism, (...) late platonism. (shrink)

Diversos argumentos de Bergson. Frege, Sellars. Quinc e outros filósofos podem servir como quadro de referência para uma concepção parcimoniosa da consciência, como disposição de nosso organismo para apreender seus próprios estados. O conhecimento do ambiente em nosso redor e da maior parte dos aspectos do próprio corpo é adquirido indiretamente por essas apreensões, cujo exemplo paradigmático poderia ser a idéia bergsoniana da captação direta da realidade de nosso corpo. Desta perspectiva, o espírito ou mente pode ser concebido como “consciência (...) da consciência”, mas seu conceito não tem qualquer outra utilidade. Basicamente, corpo e consciência são tudo o que temos. (shrink)

Radical skepticism, irrationalism, psychologism, and epistemological despair are popular interpretations of Hume. The theory of causal inference has been supposed to stand at the very heart of Humean skepticism, mainly because of its ‘associationism’. However, the myth of a skeptical Hume—more radical than he really is in his own admitted ‘mitigated skepticism’—has been discredited in recent years. Hume certainly was an associationist about the passions, and moral sentiments, and the rules of justice in society, and many other aspects of human (...) life, as different as literary taste and superstition. There is plenty of evidence of this in Books II and III of the Treatise, in the second Enquiry, in the Dissertation on the Passions and in the Essays. But my main point here is that association of ideas has no cognitive role in his philosophy, beyond serving as “the cement of complex ideas.” Custom or habit do have such a cognitive role, as is well known, and shall be discussed below. (shrink)

A desigualdade da condição feminina tem como ponto central na análise de Hume a diferença nas atitudes da sociedade perante o dever de castidade. Esta é explicada – pela incerteza da paternidade e suas consequências -, mas nem por isso justificada. Hume aponta também outras desigualdades derivadas de privilégios masculinos injustificáveis. Como no caso das linhagem de nobreza e sobretudo no caso dos fenômenos de sujeição das mulheres pelos homens, que compara aos fenômenos históricos de opressão étnica.

Como o solipsismo metodológico, recusando tanto o "pós-modernismo relativista", o "neo-iluminismo" e qualquer espécie de fundacionismo, pode estabelecer um núcleo de verdades imunes ao ceticismo radical? A supra-conjecturalidade deste solipsismo é o expediente metodológico que baliza as escolhas neste âmbito mais amplo que é o da conjecturalidade. Se neste território a falibilidade é sempre possível, também é nele que se encontra a única racionalidade que somos capazes de constituir. E também as melhores teorias capazes de dar conta de nossas experiências.

The exchange of goods and services between individuals is often formalised by a contract in which the parties establish norms to define what is expected of each one. Norms use deontic statements of obligation, prohibition, and permission, which may be in conflict. The task of manually detecting norm conflicts can be time–consuming and error-prone since contracts can be vast and complex. To automate such tasks, we develop an approach to identify potential conflicts between norms. We show the effectiveness of our (...) approach and its individual components empirically using two publicly available corpora, and contribute with a new annotated test corpus for norm conflict identification. (shrink)

Russell's The Problems of Philosophy tries to establish a new theory of induction, at the same time that Hume is there accused of an irrational/ scepticism about induction". But a careful analysis of the theory of knowledge explicitly acknowledged by Hume reveals that, contrary to the standard interpretation in the XXth century, possibly influenced by Russell, Hume deals exclusively with causal inference (which he never classifies as "causal induction", although now we are entitled to do so), never with inductive inference (...) in general, mainly generalizations about sensible qualities of objects ( whether, e.g., "all crows are black" or not is not among Hume's concerns). Russell's theories are thus only false alternatives to Hume's, in (1912) or in his (1948). (shrink)

The associationist interpretation of Hume's account of causal belief is criticized. The origin of this mistaken interpretation is explained. The difference between Hume's views in the Treatise of Human Nature and in An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding is examined.

Dance, Music and Dramaturgy: collaboration plan and dramaturgical apparatus – The unfolding of the concept of dramaturgy and the problematics of contemporary choreography are, today, a vast and diverse field of research, bearing numerous disclosures that lead to their reciprocal implication. Apart from that, dance and music share significant complementary ties allowing for the consideration of a common compositional inquiry. Reflecting on the compositional processes of dance and music, this article cross-examines the collaboration between choreographers and composers, integrating the incidence (...) of dramaturgy in the strategies of choreographic and musical composition. (shrink)

In this article we will try to elaborate a reflection around aesthetic experience, more specifically a phenomenology of artwork (Soutine/de Kooning), in dialogue with Emmanuel Falque's thought. Even if the French philosopher has not yet dedicated an autonomous work to the aesthetic question, such reflection appears abundantly dispersed and sparse in his various writings. Among others, Francis Bacon and Lucian Freud were Falque's artists of choice, their work most closely reflected his underlying philosophical thesis. The preference for the figurative, that (...) which in us resists phenomenology, the incarnation as such, would thus bring the philosophical concept and the artistic intuition closer together. However, between figurative and non-figurative or abstract thought, is there not another possibility of thinking them together, without necessarily having to give primacy to one or the other or opposing them? The idea of an oblique incarnate thought (figuration-abstraction, resistance-deflagration, word-silence), or of the diagonal/oblique impastoed being (presence in absence, metamorphosed transcendental materiality, indirect ontology), might also be a third way of thinking about the great philosophical questions between realism and idealism, immanence and transcendence, visible and invisible, metaphysics and phenomenology. In this sense, the artistic work of Chaïm Soutine and de Kooning may be the aesthetic expression of incarnate thought, as a way of primordial access to being, to the world and to another, in the joining in act of the figurative and the abstract, as if multiple possibilities or dimensions of being inhabited in the same being (the articulation of the in-itself and the outside of the self, madness and normality, dream and reality...). Not by chance both were the subject of a recent joint exhibition, from which we propose this reflection, in dialogue with Emmanuel Falque's thought on finitude, which his most recent book radicalises. Our thesis, based on these two artists, aims to affirm that art, whether figurative or abstract, starts from an inalienable material dimension, that is to say, a sensitive dimension, the impasted (body) being, to the point that we may say that Hors phénomène maintains in itself this possibility of articulation between presence to the self and the outside of the self, distance and proximity, immanence and transcendence, even if here and there one can glimpse in its philosophical project an ontological preference for the figurative. However, in our view, what brings together Falque’s philosophy and the work of both artists is the fact that they are the expression of an embodied thought, whether through conceptual experience (philosophy) or through perceptual experience (aesthetics). (shrink)

An interview with the professor and philosopher Emmanuel Falque, in the context of his passage through the University of Coimbra, in the context of the Journée Internationale d’études philosophiques, which will take place on 26 May 2022, at the Faculty of Letters, entitled: «L’im‑pensable : Aux confins de la phénoménalité». In this interview, In this interview, our author coming to his entire philosophical project, from its origins to his most recent scientific production. The philosopher tells us about the provenance of (...) his thought through his main philosophical works and his existential interpretation and phenomenological reading of patristic and medieval philosophy as well as his debates with phenomenology and contemporary philosophy, particularly French philosophy. Here the epistemological and metaphysical question between philosophy and theology, literature and aesthetics, psychoanalysis and phenomenology is also addressed; the concept of «corps épandu», the corporeality or the embodiment as the cardinal point of human finitude and its incessant search to think our «humanity in common». Emmanuel Falque also presents us in this interview the genesis and the fundamental idea of Hors phénomène, as the central axis of his global philosophical project, but also as the revelation of a certain «turning point», inflexion or even of «radicalization» of his démarche, as well as its possible consequences to rethink aesthetics, ethics, politics and theology. The French thinker also talks to us here about the future of philosophy and the new horizons of his reflection (the new triptych...), about the authors and figures in the history of thought (philosophers or others) who have influenced and impacted his own philosophical‑existential path. Thus, the work of a thinker-philosopher is always an ex-position of himself to others, permanently thinking the world of life, the embodiment of reason in the folds of history. (shrink)

Ce dossier thématique, consacré au passage du philosophe Emmanuel Falque par l’Université de Coimbra, à la Faculté des Lettres, dans le cadre de la Journée Internationale d’études philosophiques, intitulée «L’im‑pensable: Aux confins de la phénoménalité», qui a eu lieu le 26 mai 2022, donne encore une fois la parole au philosophe lui‑même, avec des articles et un entretien inédit, en présentant aussi un ensemble d’articles qui font écho à son projet philosophique.

O artigo se propõe a delinear as matrizes históricas da radiodifusão comunitária brasileira desde sua gênese até o processo de legalização. Isso foi feito a partir de análise documental e revisão bibliográfica crítica do que até então fora produzido. Realizamos uma breve descrição histórica de cada uma das vertentes –eclesiástica, livre e comunitária – para propor uma discussão que permita compreender a real heterogeneidade da radiodifusão comunitária brasileira.

Resumo: O artigo aborda a interpretação da poesia tardia de Hölderlin feita por Theodor W. Adorno. Seu objetivo principal é demonstrar os passos da análise estética do discurso proferido em 1963 à Hölderlin-Gesellschaft, pontuando a presença da ideia de parataxis. Assim, o artigo divide o procedimento de Adorno em três camadas interpretativas: os conceitos de teor de coisa, lei imanente da configuração e teor de verdade. Primeiro, Adorno busca as referências filológicas e de sociologia da arte para insistir na proximidade (...) de Hölderlin com o idealismo alemão, estratégia empregada para refutar a leitura de Heidegger, então corrente na Alemanha. A seguir, Adorno analisa a configuração poética para demonstrar como Hölderlin tomava parte nos debates filosóficos do período, marcando sua posição e afastando-se da teoria do conhecimento e filosofia da história de Hegel. Por fim, o teor de verdade resgatado da análise estética sugere conceitos já empregados por Adorno em sua filosofia de juventude, como história natural, mas também prepara noções que aparecerão somente na Dialética negativa, obra que responde à crítica da razão formulada pelo próprio autor na Dialética do esclarecimento. A tese central do artigo consiste na transversalidade da ideia de parataxis. Palavras-chave: Theodor W. Adorno; Friedrich Hölderlin; teor de coisa; teor de verdade; parataxis. Verankerung in den Namen, Verharren in den Ideen. Adorno spielt Hölderlin auf. Zusammenfassung: Der Aufsatz geht um Theodor W. Adornos Interpretation von Hölderlins Spätlyrik. Das Hauptziel hier ist es, die Schritte der ästhetischen Analyse der im Jahr 1963 Rede an die Hölderlin-Gesellschaft zu demonstrieren und dabei die Präsenz der Idee von Parataxe zu betonen. So gliedert der Aufsatz Adornos Vorgehen in drei interpretative Schichten: die Begriffe Sachgehalt, immanentes Gesetz der Gestaltung und Wahrheitsgehalt. Erstens sucht Adorno nach philologischen und kunstsoziologischen Bezügen, um an die Nähe Hölderlins zum deutschen Idealismus zu erinnern. Das war eine Strategie, mit der er die damals in Deutschland gängige Heidegger-Interpretation widerlegen ward. Im Folgenden analysiert Adorno die poetische Gestaltung, um zu zeigen, wie Hölderlin an den philosophischen Debatten seinerzeit teilnahm, seine Position markierte und sich von Hegels Erkenntnistheorie und Geschichtsphilosophie entfernte. Der aus der ästhetischen Analyse gerettete Wahrheitsgehalt schlägt zuletzt Begriffe vor, die Adorno in seiner Jugendphilosophie schon verwendet hat, wie etwa den Begriff der Naturgeschichte, bereitet aber auch Begriffe vor, die erst in Negativer Dialektik erscheinen werden, einem Werk, das auf die vom Autor selbst in Dialektik der Aufklärung formulierte Vernunftkritik antwortet. Die zentrale These des Aufsatzes besteht in der Transversalität der Idee von Parataxe. Stichwörter: Theodor W. Adorno; Friedrich Hölderlin; Sachgehalt; Wahrheitsgehalt; Parataxe. Anchor in Names, Persistence in Ideas. Adorno plays Hölderlin. Abstract: This paper deals with Theodor W. Adorno’s interpretation of Hölderlin’s late poetry. It aims to demonstrate each step of the aesthetic analysis of his well-known speech delivered in 1963 to the Hölderlin-Gesellschaft, and punctuates the presence of parataxis’ idea through the essay. Thus, the paper divides Adorno’s procedure into three main concepts: thing content, immanent law of configuration and truth content. First, Adorno asks philology and sociology of art for help to insist on Hölderlin’s closeness to German Idealism, a strategy employed to rebut Heidegger’s version, then current in Germany. Next, Adorno analyses the poetic configuration as to demonstrate how Hölderlin took part in philosophical debates of his time, marking his position out and moving away from Hegel’s theory of knowledge and philosophy of history. Finally, the truth content rescued from the aesthetic analysis suggests concepts already mobilized by Adorno in his youthful philosophy, such as natural history, but also prepares some notions that will appear only in Negative Dialectics, a work known as a reply to the critique of reason formulated by the author himself in Dialectics of Enlightenment. The central thesis of this paper consists in the transversality of parataxis’ idea. Keywords: Theodor W. Adorno; Friedrich Hölderlin; thing content; truth content; parataxis. Data de registro: 01/08/2023 Data de aceite: 24/01/2024. (shrink)

O projeto acadêmico de Habermas busca contribuir para a realização das metas emancipatórias da modernidade, através da teoria da ação comunicativa. Portanto, será examinado aqui se o processo de racionalização da sociedade moderna, presente na teoria da ação comunicativa, realmente representa um potencial para a emancipação humana. Primeiramente, pretende-se abordar no respectivo trabalho os principais conceitos que Habermas utiliza em sua teoria da ação comunicativa. Em um segundo momento, serão explorados os elementos fundamentais da teoria da sociedade. Após isso, será (...) analisada a teoria da modernidade e a sua relação com a teoria da sociedade. Tal caminho terá o objetivo de investigar a possibilidade de resgate do projeto da modernidade, ao explicar a possibilidade da teoria da ação comunicativa ser considerada o potenciador emancipatório da sociedade moderna, formando tanto o cidadão como um indivíduo autônomo, preservando a sua identidade pessoal, quanto o cidadão como participante de uma sociedade política, possuidor de uma identidade cultural, étnica, entre outras, que abrange variados grupos sociais. (shrink)

This article aims to bring a discussion about inclusion in times of biopolitics and neoliberalism and, for that, we will present concepts and understandings about normalization, medicalization, and neoliberalism. In the search for an analytical movement and using the methodology of bibliographic research, we selected three academic works defended by the GEduMaD research group and we read them from the theoretical lens presented at the beginning of the text.

Hume's project aimed at the discovery of the principles of human nature, and among these the most important in most respects is not association of ideas, but the one he calls "custom or habit." But what is the real nature of Hume's principle? It would be philosophically naïve to decide that Hume's concept of habit simply reproduces the dominant conception. In the latter the main element is time, and the possibility of habit depending only on repetition is absent in the (...) tradition, from Aristotle to Berkeley. When Hume proposes to explain causal inference by habit, he uses this word as tantamount to the old principle of induction by simple enumeration, which may depend only on repetition, the element of time being reduced to the strict minimum necessary for the repetition to occur. Hume's principle of causal knowledge is really a new principle, not the old "psychological" tendency called custom or habit, and his attempt tacitly was to change the very essence of the concept involved. (shrink)

This translation provides a Portuguese version of “The History of Dialectics”, written by Herbert Marcuse. The original was published as an encyclopedia entry on “Dialectics”, in Marxism, Communism, and Western Societies: A Comparative Encyclopaedia (New York: Herder and Herder, 1972). It starts by presenting a detailed analysis of “The Significance of Dialectics in Ancient Philosophy”, since Zeno, the Sophists and Socrates to Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics and Plotinus. Further on, Marcuse writes a section on “The Significance of Dialectics in Kant, (...) Fichte and Hegel”; he finally concludes with an approach to “The Meaning and Significance of Dialectics in Marx”, the only philosopher who was bestowed with a whole section. Overall, this text exhibits a very comprehensive, qualified analysis of the history of dialectics and reveals Marcuse as a first-rated philosophical scholar in the concept of dialectics. (shrink)

We verified moral distress related to organ shortage for transplantation in nursing students. This quantitative pilot study analyzed data from 104 nursing undergraduate students. Data were collected through a survey composed of four questions and two sociodemographic items. The chi-squared test was used to examine categorical variables, whereas continuous variable data were analyzed using ANOVA and the Pearson Product Moment correlational test for determining the existence of moral distress regarding the availability of one heart for four individuals susceptible to heart (...) transplantation. A high level of moral distress was identified with regard to the hypothetical decision-making process, which justifies the need for further studies on the subject. Given the hypothetical scenario, moral distress was observed among the students, reaching severe distress in some cases. Approval CEP-University of Alberta Pro00068610. (shrink)

This article deals with the teaching of logic at the Colégio de Coimbra and Colégio Maranhão in the 18th century. Colégio do Maranhão was administered by the Jesuits and offered higher education courses in philosophy and theology. The education offered by the Society of Jesus was intended to be universal, since as a religious order its mission of evangelization also had a global character. In fact, the pedagogical methods and the curriculum were in theory uniform. Therefore, given the scarcity of (...) documents detailing the educational context of the Colégio do Maranhão, it is necessary to know the Colégio de Coimbra, which was a model for the others. The main task of this work is, therefore, to present the teaching of philosophy, and more specifically logic, at Colégio do Maranhão. To this end, specialized bibliography and primary sources that present the content of philosophy at Colégio do Maranhão will be used. It is expected that it will be possible to show the constituent elements of Philosophy teaching in Maranhão, such as the curricular structure of the course, the contents specific to Logic and the focus given to it. (shrink)